Networking class 10th CBSE Full Chapter

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Internet

World Wide Web

  • www is a collection of hypermedia documents , standards and protocols governing the way in which these documents are created and displayed on the internet.
  • English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 while employed at CERN.
  • European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) – Conducts Physics Research

WWW vs Internet

  • The Internet is a global network of networks. & World Wide Web (www) is collection of information which is accessed via the Internet.
  • The Internet is infrastructure & www is service on top of that infrastructure.
  • the Internet can be viewed as a big book-store & WWW can be viewed as collection of books on that store.
  • we can even think of the Internet as hardware and the Web as software!

Web Servers

  • Web server is a computer where the web content is stored.
  • Basically web server is used to host the web sites.
  • Web server respond to the client request by Sending the file to the client associated with the requested URL.
  • A client is a end user which request some information on the internet.

Web Client & Web Browser

  • The client, or user . It refers to the Web browser in the user’s machine.
  • A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web.

When a user requests a particular website, the web browser retrieves the necessary content from a web server and then displays the resulting web page on the user’s device.

Ex. chrome , Mozilla etc

Incognito mode – it is a private browsing feature.

Websites & Webpages

  • A website is a collection of web pages that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one web server.
  • Domain names Examples are topperg.com ,wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com.
  • A web page or webpage is a document, commonly written in HTML, that is viewed in an web browser.
  • A web page may contain text, graphics, and  hyperlinks to other web pages and files.

Blogs & Newsgroups

  • A blog (shortening of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational website displaying information.
  • A newsgroup is an online discussion forum accessible through Usenet.
  • Each newsgroup contains discussions about a specific topic.
  • You can browse newsgroups and post or reply to topics using a newsreader program.
  • Access to newsgroups also requires a Usenet subscription.
  • Usenet is a collection of user-submitted notes or messages on various subjects that are posted to servers on a worldwide network.

Web Address

A web address, or URL (Uniform Resource Locator), is a website’s unique online location

IP Address & Domain Name

  • Every machine on the internet has unique IP address. 216.45.34.135 etc…
  • Ip address is designed by IETF.
  • Ip address is made of 32 bits number.

Ex 76.240. 249.145 into 1001100. 11110000. 11111001. 10010001

Ip address has two parts : 1. Network Address 2. Local/Host Address

First octet denotes network address and last three octets denotes host address.

Domain Name : A domain name address is your website name. Domain name is a part of URL.

URL – uniform resource locator

Ex. https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament

https://www.mentorwish.com

  • URL is Used to identify a webpage or website .
  • It has several parts : protocol , host , domain name & type

Commonly used worldwide domain types : .com – commercial purposes , .edu – education purposes, .gov – government sites .net – tech purpuses, .org – ngo

Abbreviations used as country suffix are : .in – india, .uk – united kingdom, .au – Australia Etc…

Domain Name Service

  • Domain name service is an electronic directory/server which control the mechanism of translation of domain names and IP address.
  • We cannot remember all the IP address of websites we use.
  • Domain name convention is introduced for user’s convenience.

HTML

  • HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language.
  • HTML is used to create web pages and web applications.
  • Markup languages are designed for the processing and presentation of text , formatting, both the layout and style, within a text file.
  • HTML was created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1993 ( as on Wikipedia ).

E-MAIL

  • Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages (“mail”) between people using electronic devices.
  • Ray Tomlinson is universally credited as the creator of email as part of a program for
  • ARPANET in 1971. (Shiva Ayyadurai )

Advantages

  • Email is a free tool.
  • Email is simple.
  • Email is accessible from anywhere.
  • Email is paperless.

Disadvantages

  • Email could potentially cause information overload.
  • Email messages can contain viruses
  • Email requires timely responses.
  • Spam Emails

Download & Upload from Remote Site

  • Download is a term used to describe the process of copying data from one computer to another
  • Uploading is the transmission of a file from one computer system to another, usually larger computer system.

Internet Protocols

TCP / IP

  • IP – Stands for Internet Protocol and it is responsible for delivering packets from the source host to the destination host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers.
  • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – It is known to provide reliable and error-free communication between end systems. It performs sequencing by seeing serial numbers of packets.

SMTP & POP3

  • SMTP is a message transfer agent used to send the message.
  • It transfers the mail from senders computer to the mail box present on receiver’s mail server.
  • POP3 is a message access agent used to receive the message.
  • It allows to retrieve and organize mails from mailbox on receiver mail server to receiver’s computer.

HTTP & HTTPS

  • HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol.
  • It is used to manage communications between web browsers and servers.
  • It retrieve interlinked text documents ( hypertext documents )
  • HTTPS – is HTTP with SECURED encryption

Remote login Protocols

TELNET & SSH

  • Telecommunication Network is a simple network protocol that is used for accessing remote computers.
  • Telnet was created and launched in 1969
  • SSH, or Secure Shell, is a remote administration protocol that allows users to control and modify their remote servers over the Internet.
  • The service was created as a secure replacement for Telnet.

File Transfer Protocols

FTP , SFTP , SCP

  • FTP is a File Transfer protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files , downloading from one host to another.
  • SFTP- SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) is a part of the SSH protocol suite.
  • It provides implements secure file transfers over SSH.
  • Secure copy protocol (SCP) is a means of securely transferring computer files between two computers.
  • It works on the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol technique.

Services available on the internet

Information Retrieval

Information retrieval from the internet means finding and accessing specific data or content online, typically using search engines, browsers, or online database.

locating sites using search engines

We can use keywords, phrases, or URLs in search engines like Google to find relevant websites or information.

A web search engine or Internet search engine is a system that is designed to carry out web search. Ex. Google , duckduckgo , bing etc.

How search engine works : Search engines have three primary functions:

  • Web Crawl: copy of every url on the internet is created.
  • Index: Store and organize the content found during the crawling process. Once a page is in the index, it’s in the running to be displayed as a result to relevant queries.
  • Rank: Provide the pieces of content that will best answer a searcher’s query, which means that results are ordered by most relevant to least relevant.

Finding people on the Internet

You can find people online using social media platforms like Facebook, instagram or LinkedIn or from different website available on internet. But should respect privacy of people.

Web Services

Chat & Video Conferencing

Chat is a text-based communication that is live or in real-time. Now a days we can also share images, videos and other multimedia files. Ex. Whatsapp , fb messenger etc.

A video conference is a live, visual connection between two or more people residing in separate locations for the purpose of communication. Ex. Skype , Zoom etc.

E- Learning

E-Learning is learning utilizing electronic technologies to access educational curriculum online and outside of a traditional classroom. E-Learning does not mean learning via a DVD or CD, over a television channel.

Advantages of E-Learning :

  • You are able to link the various resources in several varying formats.
  • resources are available from anywhere and at any time.
  • Everyone, who are part time students or are working full time, can take advantage of web-based learning.
  • Audio and video can be rewound and seen and heard again and again if you do not happen to understand the topic first time around.

Disadvantages Of E-Learning :

  • The face-to-face learning experience is missing, which may matter to some of you.
  • The authenticity of a particular student’s work is also a problem as online just about anyone can do a project rather than the actual student itself.

E- Banking

E-banking enables you to have easy and safe access to your bank account and to carry out online banking services anytime , anywhere. We can access our bank account after electronic authentication by using Username , password.

Advantages : simple , fast , access anywhere , anytime

Disadvantages : security , theft , hacking

E- Shopping

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet. Ex. Flipkart , amazon.

It is of three types

  • B2B ex – Walmart , indiamart
  • B2C ex – flipkart , amazon
  • C2C ex – olx

E- Shopping

Advantages :

  • It is convenient.
  • wide variety of products available.
  • we can do price comparison from different sites.
  • access anytime , no need to carry cash.

Disadvantages :

  • We cant feel , touch any product.
  • Fake product or websites.
  • Unsecure transaction.

E- Reservation

  • E-ticketing refers to making an appointment/booking using internet.
  • By using E-ticketing you can check the availability of seats in a bus,train or a aircraft.
  • you can book tables in restaurant,you can book rooms in hotels etc.

Advantages :

  • Cost saving , apply discount.
  • Early booking.
  • Save paper.
  • Not having to worry about loosing tickets.

Disadvantages :

  • Server crash or hacked.

E- Governance & ICT

  • Information and Communication Technologies. The set of technologies developed to manage information and send it from one place to another. They cover a wide range of solutions.
  • E-governance, expands to electronic governance, is the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all the processes, with the aim of enhancing government ability to address the needs of the general public.

E- Governance : The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at National, State and local levels.

Benefits of E-governance

  • Reduced corruption
  • High transparency
  • Increased convenience
  • Direct participation of constituents

E- GROUPS

  • E-group is like a online discussion group.
  • People create e-group to share information or exchange ideas.
  • People can create e-groups and add members.
  • Fb groups , whatsapp groups.

Social Networking

Social networking is the use of Internet-based social media sites to stay connected with friends, family, colleagues, customers, or clients through sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram, among others.

Mobile Technologies

SMS & MMS

  • SMS stands for Short Message Service. Invented in the 1980s and defined in the 1985.
  • standard SMS messages are limited to 160 characters per message.
  • MMS stands for Multimedia Messaging Service. It was built using the same technology as SMS to allow SMS users to send multimedia content.
  • It’s most popularly used to send pictures, but can also be used to send audio, phone contacts, and video files.

3G & 4G

  • 3G & 4G are standard for mobile communication.
  • 3G (or 3rd Generation) was launched in Japan in 2001 .
  • Up to 3.1Mbps with an average speed range between 0.5 to 1.5 Mbps
  • December 14, 2009 ,TeliaSonera was the first telecom operator in the world to launch 4G commercially.
  • 4g speed can go upto 100 Mbps.